Mu gihe cyo gukoresha ibikoresho birwanya imyuka, byoroshye gushonga no koroshya ibintu bifatika, imiti, ikoranabuhanga n'ibindi ku bushyuhe bwinshi (muri rusange 1000 ~ 1800 °C), cyangwa bigasenyuka bitewe n'isuri, cyangwa bigacikamo ibice bikangirika, bigatuma igikorwa kihagarara. Ibikoresho byanduye. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa ko ibikoresho birwanya imyuka bigomba kugira imiterere ishobora kwihuza n'imiterere itandukanye y'imikorere. Ibi bikurikira ni ibipimo 4 bigaragaza imikorere y'ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'ibikoresho birwanya imyuka:
(1) Ihindagurika ry'imitekerereze
Gusubira inyuma bivuga ubushyuhe aho ikintu kigera ku rugero runaka rwo koroha bitewe n’ubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi bigaragaza imikorere y’ikintu mu gihe kigera ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Gusubira inyuma ni ishingiro ryo gusuzuma niba ikintu gishobora gukoreshwa nk’ikintu kidasubira inyuma. Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Mategeko uteganya ko ibintu bidafite imiterere y’icyuma bifite ubushyuhe burenga 1500 ℃ ari ibintu bisubira inyuma. Bitandukanye n’aho ikintu gishongesherezwa kandi ni uburyo busesuye bwo kugaragaza uruvange rw’ibintu bikomeye bigizwe n’amabuye y’agaciro atandukanye.
Ikintu cy'ingenzi kigena ubukana bw'ibinyabutabire ni imiterere y'imyunyu ngugu n'uburyo ibintu bikwirakwira. Ibice bitandukanye by'umwanda, cyane cyane ibifite ingaruka zikomeye ku binyabutabire, bizagabanya cyane ubukana bw'ibinyabutabire. Kubwibyo, ingamba zikwiye zigomba kwitabwaho mu gikorwa cyo gukora kugira ngo habeho kandi kunoze ubuziranenge bw'ibinyabutabire.
Gusubira inyuma si ingano nyayo y’ikintu runaka, ahubwo ni ikimenyetso cya tekiniki iyo ikintu kigeze ku rugero runaka rwo koroshya gipimirwa mu bihe byihariye by’igeragezwa. Ibikoresho by’igerageza bigirwamo agace k’impandeshatu gatumburutse (kitwa agace k’igerageza) hakurikijwe uburyo bwagenwe, n’agace k’impandeshatu gatumburutse (kitwa agace k’igerageza) gafite ubushyuhe buhamye bwo gushyushya ku gipimo cyihariye. Gushyushya, no kudasubira inyuma bigenwa no kugereranya urugero rwo guhindukira kw’agace k’igerageza n’urugero rwo guhindukira kw’agace k’igerageza. Igice cyo hasi cy’agace k’impandeshatu gatumburutse gifite uburebure bwa mm 8 kuri buri ruhande, hasi hejuru ni mm 2 kuri buri ruhande, n’uburebure ni mm 30. Mu gihe cyo gupima, igice cy’amazi gishobora kugaragara muri piramide ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, ingano y’igice cy’amazi iriyongera, ubushyuhe bw’igice cy’amazi buragabanuka, kandi agace k’igerageza karagabanuka. Iyo guhindagurika kugera ku rwego runaka, agace k’igerageza karagenda gahindagurika bitewe n’uburemere bwako. Iyo agace k'igerageza n'agace k'igerageza bigonze icyarimwe kugeza igihe umutwe wabyo uhuriye n'agace k'igerageza, ubushyuhe bwagenwe bwo gupfundika kw'agace k'igerageza bugomba kuba ubw'ubudahangarwa bw'agace k'igerageza.
Bizwi kandi nk'aho ibintu bigabanya imbaraga cyangwa ubushyuhe bwo guhindura imbaraga, bigaragaza ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umutwaro uhoraho cyangwa urugero rw'ubushyuhe aho ibintu bigabanya imbaraga bigaragaza ubushyuhe bugaragara bwa pulasitiki. Ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gukora ibintu bushobora gusobanurwa ukurikije ubushyuhe bworoshye bwo gukora ibintu. Ubushyuhe bworoshye bwo gukora ibintu bugaragaza imbaraga z'imiterere y'ibintu bigabanya imbaraga mu gihe cy'ikoreshwa nk'iryo, kandi bushobora gukoreshwa nk'ishingiro ryo kugena ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gukora ibintu bigabanya imbaraga.
Ikintu cy'ingenzi kigena ubushyuhe bwo koroshya ibintu ni imiterere y'imyunyu ngugu y'ibikoresho, bifitanye isano itaziguye n'uburyo ibikoresho bikorwamo. Ubushyuhe bwo koroshya ibintu bufite ingaruka zikomeye ku bushyuhe bwo koroshya ibintu mu gihe cy'umutwaro. Iyo ubushyuhe bwo koroshya ibintu bwiyongerewe neza, ubushyuhe bwo gutangira koroshya ibintu buziyongera bitewe no kugabanuka kw'imyenge, gukura kwa kristu, no gufatana neza. Kunoza ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho fatizo no kugabanya ingano y'ibintu fatizo bishongesha cyangwa bishongesha ibintu bizongera ubushyuhe bwo koroshya ibintu mu gihe cy'umutwaro. Urugero, okiside ya sodiyumu mu matafari y'ibumba na alumina mu matafari ya silica byose ni okiside mbi.
(3) Ubushyuhe bwinshi butuma ibintu bidashobora guhagarara neza
Mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe bwinshi igihe kirekire, ibikoresho birwanya bitanga kwaguka k’ingano, byitwa kwaguka gusigara. Ingano y’izamuka risigara (deformation) ry’ibikoresho birwanya igaragaza ireme ry’ubushyuhe bwinshi. Uko ihinduka risigara rigabanuka, ni ko ingano ihinduka nziza; ahubwo, uko ihinduka rihagarara rirushaho kuba ribi, ni ko byoroha guteza ihinduka cyangwa kwangirika kw’amabuye y’agaciro.
Impinduka y'umurongo wo kongera gutwika ikunze gukoreshwa mu gusuzuma ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'ibikoresho, iki kikaba ari ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi cyo gusuzuma ubwiza bw'ibikoresho.
Ibikoresho byinshi bigabanya ubushyuhe bitewe n’ubushyuhe bwinshi. Mu gihe cyo kongera gutwika, ibikoresho byinshi bigabanya ubushyuhe bizagabanuka, ahanini bitewe nuko igice cy’amazi cyakozwe n’ibikoresho ku bushyuhe bwinshi cyuzuza imyenge, bityo uduce dukomeza gukazwa no gukururwa Vuba aha, kongera gushya kwabayeho, bigatuma ibintu birushaho kwiyongera. Hari kandi ibikoresho bike byaguka mu gihe cyo kongera gutwika. Urugero, amatafari ya silica arakura bitewe n’impinduka za polycrystalline mu gihe cyo kuyakoresha. Ibi biterwa nuko quartz idahinduka y’amatafari ya silica izakomeza guhindurwamo tridymite cyangwa kare mu bushyuhe bwinshi. Quartz, yongerewe mu bunini, ni hafi 10% idahinduka mu matafari ya silica. Kugira ngo ugabanye gushonga no kwaguka kw’ibikoresho, ni byiza kongera ubushyuhe bwo gutwika no kongera igihe cyo kubifata, ariko ntibigomba kuba hejuru cyane, bitabaye ibyo bizatuma imiterere y’ibikoresho irushaho kwiyongera kandi bigabanye ubushyuhe. Bitewe no kwaguka kw'uduce twa quartz mu bikoresho mu gihe cyo gukoresha no gukoresha, ibyo bikaba bigabanya ubukana bw'ibumba, impinduka y'ingano y'amatafari ya semi-silica ni nto, kandi amwe muri yo arakura gato.
(4) Guhagarara neza kw'ihungabana ry'ubushyuhe
Ubushobozi bw'ibice birwanya impinduka zihuse mu bushyuhe bitangiritse bwitwa guhagarara neza mu bushyuhe. Iyi miterere izwi kandi nka guhagarara neza mu bushyuhe cyangwa guhagarara neza mu bushyuhe.
Ikintu cy'ingenzi kigira ingaruka ku gipimo cy'ubushyuhe bw'ingufu ni imiterere y'ibikoresho, nko kwaguka k'ubushyuhe, ubwikorezi bw'ubushyuhe n'ibindi. Muri rusange, uko igipimo cyo kwaguka k'ibikoresho kirushaho kuba kinini, ni ko ubushyuhe bw'ingufu burushaho kuba bubi; uko ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho burushaho kuba bwinshi, ni ko ubushyuhe bw'ingufu burushaho kuba bwiza. Byongeye kandi, imiterere mito, imiterere y'uduce n'imiterere y'ibikoresho birwanya ubushyuhe byose bigira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bw'ingufu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 15 Nyakanga-2022