Mushure mezhizha ra2021 rakapisa zvikuru, kuchamhembe kwenyika kwakaunza mwaka wechando unotonhora, uye kwanaya sinou yakawanda, kunyangwe muSahara Desert, imwe yenzvimbo dzinopisa zvikuru pasi rose. Kune rumwe rutivi, kumaodzanyemba kwenyika kwakaunza kupisa kwakanyanya, tembiricha ichisvika 50°C kuWestern Australia, uye mazaya makuru echando muAntarctica anyunguduka. Saka chii chakaitika panyika? Sei masayendisiti achiti kutsakatika kwechitanhatu kwemarudzi ezvisikwa kungave kwakaitika?
Segwenga guru pane mamwe ose pasi pano, mamiriro ekunze eSahara Desert akaoma uye anopisa zvakanyanya. Hafu yedunhu iri inowana mvura isingasviki 25mm pagore, dzimwe nzvimbo dzisina mvura kwemakore akati wandei. Avhareji yekupisa pagore munharaunda iyi inosvika 30 ℃, uye avhareji yekupisa kwezhizha inogona kudarika 40 ℃ kwemwedzi yakati wandei yakatevedzana, uye tembiricha yepamusoro yakanyorwa inosvika 58 ℃.
Asi munzvimbo inopisa zvakanyanya uye yakaoma kudaro, chando hachina kunyanya kunaya munguva yechando ino. Taundi diki reAin Sefra, riri kuchamhembe kweSahara Desert, rakanaya sinou muna Ndira gore rino. Sinou yakafukidza gwenga regoridhe. Mavara maviri aya akanga akasiyana, uye chiitiko chacho chakanga chakasiyana zvikuru.
Sinou payakanaya, tembiricha muguta yakadzikira kusvika -2°C, madhigirii mashoma anotonhora kupfuura tembiricha yepakati pechando chekare. Guta racho rakanga radonha nechando kane kana mumakore makumi mana nemaviri apfuura, yekutanga muna 1979 uye yekupedzisira katatu mumakore matanhatu apfuura.
Sinou murenje haiwanzoitiki, kunyangwe gwenga richitonhora zvikuru munguva yechando uye tembiricha inogona kudzikira kusvika pasi pe zero, asi gwenga rakaoma zvikuru, kazhinji mvura haikwane mumhepo, uye mvura nechando hazviwanzoitiki. Sinou muSahara Desert inoyeuchidza vanhu nezvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze pasi rose.
Nyanzvi yezvemamiriro ekunze yekuRussia, Roman Vilfan, akati kunaya kwechando muSahara Desert, mafungu anotonhora kuNorth America, mamiriro ekunze anodziya zvikuru muRussia neEurope, uye mvura yakawanda yakakonzera mafashamo kuWestern Europe. Kuitika kwemamiriro ekunze asina kujairika aya kuri kuramba kuchiitika, uye chikonzero chacho kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunokonzerwa nekudziya kwepasi rose.
Munyika yekumaodzanyemba ikozvino, kukanganiswa kwekudziya kwepasi rose kunogona kuonekwa zvakananga. Nyika yekuchamhembe ichiri kutarisana nemafungu echando, nyika yekumaodzanyemba yakatarisana nemafungu ekupisa, tembiricha dzichipfuura 40°C munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeSouth America. Guta reOnslow riri kuWestern Australia rakanyora tembiricha yepamusoro ye50.7 ℃, richityora rekodhi yetembiricha yepamusoro munyika yekumaodzanyemba.
Kupisa kwakanyanya kunopisa kumaodzanyemba kwenyika kwakabatana nekupisa kwedenga. Muzhizha rinopisa, rakaoma uye risina mhepo, mhepo inodziya inokwira kubva pasi haigoni kupararira, asi inomanikidzwa pasi nekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kwemhepo yepasi, zvichiita kuti mhepo iwedzere kupisa. Kupisa kwakanyanya kuNorth America muna 2021 kunokonzerwawo nekupisa kwedenga.
Kumucheto kwakadziva kumadokero kwenyika, mamiriro acho ezvinhu haana kunaka. Muna 2017, chando chikuru chine nhamba A-68 chakaputika kubva pachigadziko chechando cheLarsen-C muAntarctica. Nzvimbo yacho inogona kusvika 5,800 square kilometers, iri pedyo nenzvimbo yeShanghai.
Mushure mekunge chando chaputika, chave chichisvetukira muSouthern Ocean. Chakasvetukira chinhambwe chemakiromita zviuru zvina mugore nehafu. Munguva iyi, chando chakaramba chichinyunguduka, chichiburitsa matani anosvika mabhiriyoni zana nemakumi mashanu nemaviri emvura yakachena, inova yakaenzana nekugona kuchengetwa kwe10,600 West Lakes.
Nekuda kwekudziya kwepasi rose, kunyunguduka kwemakomo ekuchamhembe nekuchamhembe, ayo akavharirwa nemvura yakachena yakawanda, kuri kuwedzera, zvichiita kuti huwandu hwegungwa hurambe huchikwira. Kwete izvozvo chete, asi kudziya kwemvura yegungwa kunokonzerawo kuwedzera kwekupisa, zvichiita kuti gungwa rikure. Masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti huwandu hwegungwa repasi rose hwava pamusoro pe16 kusvika 21 cm kupfuura zvahwaive makore zana apfuura, uye parizvino huri kukwira ne3.6 mm pagore. Sezvo huwandu hwegungwa huchiramba huchikwira, hucharamba huchiparadza zvitsuwa nenzvimbo dzegungwa dzakaderera, zvichityisidzira kupona kwevanhu ikoko.
Mabasa evanhu haangopindi zvakananga kana kutoparadza nzvimbo dzemhuka nemiti muzvisikwa chete, asiwo anoburitsa huwandu hwakawanda hwekabhoni dhayokisaidhi, methane nemamwe magasi ekupisa, zvichikonzera kukwira kwekushisa kwepasi rose, zvichikonzera shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekunze akaipisisa.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kune marudzi angangoita mamiriyoni gumi ari kurarama panyika pari zvino. Asi mumazana emakore apfuura, marudzi anosvika 200,000 akatsakatika. Tsvagiridzo inoratidza kuti mwero wekuparara kwemarudzi panyika uripo pari zvino unokurumidza kupfuura mwero wepakati penyika munhoroondo, uye masayendisiti anotenda kuti kutsakatika kwemarudzi echitanhatu kungave kwakaitika.
Mumazana emamiriyoni emakore apfuura panyika, zviitiko zvakawanda zvekutsakatika kwemarudzi, zvikuru nezvidiki, zvakaitika, kusanganisira zviitiko zvishanu zvakanyanya zvekutsakatika kwemarudzi, zvichiita kuti marudzi mazhinji atsakatike panyika. Zvikonzero zvekutsakatika kwemarudzi zvakapfuura zvese zvakabva kune zvakasikwa, uye chechitanhatu chinotendwa kuti ndicho chikonzero chevanhu. Vanhu vanofanira kuita chimwe chinhu kana tisingade kutsakatika sezvakamboitwa ne99% yemarudzi ePasi.
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-12-2022