Ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimelana nokushisa, zincibilika kalula futhi zithambe ngenxa yemiphumela ebonakalayo, yamakhemikhali, yemishini neminye ekushiseni okuphezulu (ngokuvamile 1000 ~ 1800 °C), noma ziguguleke ngenxa yokuguguleka, noma ziqhekeke futhi zonakale, okuphazamisa ukusebenza. Izinto ezingcolile. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi izinto ezimelana nokushisa kumele zibe nezakhiwo ezingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene. Okulandelayo yizinkomba ezine ezinquma ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lezinto ezimelana nokushisa:
(1) Okungaguquki
Ukungaguquguquki kubhekisela ekushiseni lapho into ifinyelela khona izinga elithile lokuthamba ngaphansi kwesenzo sokushisa okuphezulu, futhi kuveza ukusebenza kwezinto uma kuqhathaniswa nesenzo sokushisa okuphezulu. Ukungaguquki kuyisisekelo sokwahlulela ukuthi into ingasetshenziswa yini njengento engaphikisi. I-International Organisation for Standardization ibeka ukuthi izinto ezingezona ezensimbi ezingaphikisi ezingaphikisi ngaphezu kuka-1500 ℃ ziyizinto ezingaphikisi. Kuhlukile endaweni yokuncibilika kwezinto futhi kuyindlela ephelele yokubonakaliswa kwengxube yezinto eziqinile zesigaba esiningi ezakhiwe ngamaminerali ahlukahlukene.
Isici esibaluleke kakhulu esinquma ukuphikiswa ukwakheka kwamaminerali amakhemikhali kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinto. Izingxenye ezahlukene zokungcola, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinemiphumela enamandla yokunyibilikisa, zizonciphisa kakhulu ukuphikiswa kwezinto. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kucatshangelwe izinyathelo ezifanele enqubweni yokukhiqiza ukuqinisekisa nokuthuthukisa ubumsulwa bezinto zokusetshenziswa.
Ukungaguquguquki akulona inani eliphelele eliqondene nento ethile, kodwa kuyisibonakaliso sobuchwepheshe esihlobene lapho into ifinyelela izinga elithile lokuthamba elilinganiswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokuhlola. Izinto zokuhlola zenziwa zibe yi-cone eyisicaba enqunyiwe (ebizwa ngokuthi i-test cone) ngokwendlela ebekiwe, kanye ne-cone eyisicaba enqunyiwe ejwayelekile (ebizwa ngokuthi i-standard cone) enezinga lokushisa eliqondile lokugoba ngesivinini esithile sokushisa. Ukushisa, kanye nokungaguquki kunqunywa ngokuqhathanisa izinga lokugoba kwe-test cone nezinga lokugoba kwe-standard cone. Iphansi elingezansi le-cone eyisicaba enqunyiwe linobude obungu-8mm ohlangothini ngalunye, iphansi elingaphezulu lingu-2mm ohlangothini ngalunye, kanti ukuphakama kungu-30mm. Ngesikhathi sokulinganisa, isigaba soketshezi singavela ku-piramidi ekushiseni okuphezulu. Njengoba izinga lokushisa landa, inani lesigaba soketshezi liyakhuphuka, i-viscosity yesigaba soketshezi iyancipha, futhi i-cone iyathamba. Lapho ukuthamba kufinyelela ezingeni elithile, i-cone iyagoba kancane kancane ngenxa yesisindo sayo. Uma ikhoni yokuhlola kanye nekhoni ejwayelekile kugobile ngesikhathi esifanayo kuze kube yilapho i-apex yazo ithintana ne-chassis, izinga lokushisa elinqunyiwe lokugoba kwekhoni ejwayelekile lizobusa njengokumelana kwekhoni yokuhlola.
Eyaziwa nangokuthi indawo yokuthambisa ye-refractory ngaphansi komthwalo noma izinga lokushisa lokuguquguquka kwe-refractory ngaphansi komthwalo, ikhombisa ukumelana kwe-refractory esenzweni esihlangene sokushisa okuphezulu kanye nomthwalo ngaphansi komthwalo oqhubekayo noma ububanzi bokushisa lapho i-refractory ibonisa khona ukuthambisa okusobala kwepulasitiki. Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lenkonzo ye-refractory lingatholakala kusukela ekushiseni okuthambisayo ngaphansi komthwalo. Izinga lokushisa lokunciphisa umthwalo limelela amandla esakhiwo se-refractory ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokusetshenziswa, futhi lingasetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokunquma izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lenkonzo ye-refractory.
Isici esiyinhloko esinquma izinga lokushisa lokuthambisa ngaphansi komthwalo ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwamaminerali ezinto, okuhlobene ngqo nenqubo yokukhiqizwa kwezinto. Izinga lokushisa lokuthambisa lezinto linethonya elikhulu ekushiseni kokuthambisa kokuthambisa ngaphansi komthwalo. Uma izinga lokushisa lokuthambisa lenyuka ngokufanele, izinga lokushisa lokuthambisa lokuqala lizokhuphuka ngenxa yokwehla kwama-porosity, ukukhula kwamakristalu, kanye nokubopha okuhle. Ukuthuthukisa ubumsulwa bezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokunciphisa okuqukethwe kokuncibilika okuphansi noma i-solvent kuzokhulisa izinga lokushisa lokuthambisa lokuthambisa ngaphansi komthwalo. Isibonelo, i-sodium oxide ezitini zobumba kanye ne-alumina ezitini ze-silica konke kuyi-oxides eyingozi.
(3) Ukuqina komthamo wokushisa okuphezulu kwezinto eziphikisayo
Ngaphansi kwesenzo sokushisa okuphezulu isikhathi eside, izinto eziphikisayo zikhiqiza ukwanda kwevolumu, okubizwa ngokuthi ukwanda okusele. Ubukhulu bokwanda okusele (ukuguqulwa) kwezinto eziphikisayo bubonisa ikhwalithi yokuqina kwevolumu yokushisa okuphezulu. Uma ukuguquguquka okusele kuncane, ukuzinza kwevolumu kungcono; ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho ukuzinza kwevolumu kukubi, kuba lula kakhulu ukubangela ukuguquguquka noma ukulimala kwesakhiwo sokhuni.
Ukushintsha komugqa wokusha kabusha kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukwahlulela ukuqina komthamo wokushisa okuphezulu kwento, okuyisibonakaliso esibalulekile sokuhlola ikhwalithi yento.
Izinto eziningi eziphikisayo zizoncipha ngaphansi kwesenzo sokushisa okuphezulu. Ngesikhathi sokuphinda kufakwe, izinto eziningi eziphikisayo zizoncipha, ikakhulukazi ngoba isigaba soketshezi esikhiqizwa yile nto ekushiseni okuphezulu sizogcwalisa ama-pores, ukuze izinhlayiya ziqiniswe futhi zidonswe Muva nje, kwenzeke ukuphinda kufakwe ikristalu, okuholela ekuqineni okwengeziwe kwento. Kukhona nezinto ezimbalwa ezikhula ngesikhathi sokuphinda kufakwe ikristalu. Isibonelo, izitini ze-silica ziyanda ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwe-polycrystalline ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-quartz engaguquki yesitini se-silica izoqhubeka nokuguqulwa ibe yi-tridymite noma isikwele ekushiseni okuphezulu. I-Quartz, ekhula ngobuningi, cishe ingu-10% engaguquki ezitini ze-silica. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncipha nokwanda kokuphinda kufakwe ikristalu, kuyasebenza ukwandisa izinga lokushisa lokudubula ngokufanele futhi kwandise isikhathi sokubamba, kodwa akufanele kube phezulu kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzobangela i-vitrification yesakhiwo sento futhi kunciphise ukuzinza kokushaqeka kokushisa. Ngenxa yokwanda kwezinhlayiya ze-quartz ezintweni ngesikhathi sokudubula nokusetshenziswa, okuvimbela ukuncishiswa kobumba, ushintsho lwevolumu yezitini ze-semi-silica luncane, kanti ezinye zazo zandiswe kancane.
(4) Ukuqina kokushaqeka kokushisa
Amandla ezinto ezivimbela ukushintshwa kwezinga lokushisa ngokushesha ngaphandle kokubhujiswa abizwa ngokuthi ukuzinza kokushaqeka kokushisa. Lesi sici saziwa nangokuthi ukumelana nokushaqeka kokushisa noma ukumelana nokushaqeka kokushisa.
Isici esiyinhloko esithinta inkomba yokuzinza kokushaqeka kokushisa kwezinto yizakhiwo ezibonakalayo zezinto, njengokwanda kokushisa, ukuqhuba kokushisa njalo njalo. Ngokuvamile, lapho izinga lokunwebeka eliqondile lezinto liphakama, ukuzinza kokushaqeka kokushisa kuba kubi kakhulu; lapho ukuqhuba kokushisa kwezinto kuphakeme, ukuzinza kokushaqeka kokushisa kuba ngcono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo esincane, ukwakheka kwezinhlayiya kanye nesimo sezinto eziphikisayo konke kunomthelela ekuzinzeni kokushaqeka kokushisa.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-15-2022