Nakuba ungase ungazi, izwe lanamuhla linezizathu eziningi zokubonga ngezindawo ezizungezile.
Bambalwa abantu abaziyo ngokuba khona kwazo, bambalwa ngisho nabantu abaziyo ukuthi zivelaphi. Nakuba ukubuka ngokushesha i-Wikipedia, umthombo wazo zonke imithombo, kuzokwazisa abangakazi ukuthi, “I-cenosphere iyindilinga elula, engasebenzi, engenalutho eyenziwe kakhulu nge-silica ne-alumina futhi igcwele umoya noma igesi engasebenzi, evame ukukhiqizwa njengomkhiqizo wokushisa kwamalahle ezitshalweni zamandla ezishisayo. Umbala wama-cenosphere uyahlukahluka kusukela kompunga kuya komhlophe futhi ubuningi bawo bungaba ngu-0.4–0.8 g/cm3 (0.014–0.029 lb/cu in), okuzinika amandla amakhulu okuntanta.”
Kodwa-ke, lokho akwenzi lutho oluchaza ubuhle bangempela balezi zibhola ezincane, kodwa ezinamandla, zomlotha wempukane. Ngoba amandla azo angempela alele ekuhlukeni kokusetshenziswa kwazo. Njengoba iphephandaba lezimboni laseFrance, i-Industrie & Technologies, lisho, “Ngenxa yobuningi bazo obuphansi, usayizi omncane, ukuma okuyindilinga, amandla omshini, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokuncibilika, i-inertia yamakhemikhali, izakhiwo zokuvimbela ukushisa kanye ne-porosity ephansi, ama-microsphere [aziwa nangokuthi ama-cenospheres] athola izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi embonini. Ikakhulukazi, [afaneleka] ekuqiniseni izinto noma ekunikezeni izakhiwo zokumelana nokugqwala, noma ukushisa kokushisa nomsindo ezimbozweni noma opendeni. Angachazwa njengezigcwalisi eziningi futhi ahlanganiswe kahle kuma-resins kanye nama-binder njenge-thermoplastics kanye ne-thermosetting.”
Ama-cenospheres ku-Paints and Coatings
Kunezindlela eziningi zokusebenzisa ama-cenospheres embonini yokupenda kanye neyokumboza izimboni, ngenxa yezimfanelo ezengeziwe ezinikezayo. Isibonelo, ama-cenospheres avame ukusetshenziswa ekumbozeni ukulawula imisebe ye-infrared, okwenza lezo zimbozo zibe yinzuzo ngaphezu kwalezo ezizama nje ukunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kokushisa.
Okwamanje, ochwepheshe bokumboza ePetra Buildcare Products, bachaza ukuthi ama-cenospheres, “… athuthukisa kanjani ikhwalithi yopende ngokuthuthukisa ivolumu kanye nobuningi bomkhiqizo. Ngemva kokufaka odongeni, ubuhlalu be-ceramic buvame ukuncipha ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka ifilimu eboshwe ngokuqinile odongeni.”
Ama-cenospheres kuma-Syntactic Foams
Ama-cenospheres avame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza 'ama-syntactic foam'. Lawa angama-solid akhethekile asebenzisa ama-cenospheres njengesigcwalisi ukuze anikeze izinzuzo eziningi, kusukela ezindleko eziphansi, kuya emandleni engeziwe, ukuvikela umsindo, ukuntanta kanye nokuvikelwa kokushisa.
Ochwepheshe be-Engineered Syntactic Systems bachaza i-syntactic foam kanje;
"Ingxenye ethi 'syntactic' ibhekisela esakhiweni esihlelekile esinikezwa yizimbulunga ezingenalutho. Igama elithi 'foam' lihlobene nohlobo lweseli lwale nto. Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezihlukile zamandla aphezulu ekuxineni okuphansi, i-syntactic foam isisetshenziswe kabanzi ekusetshenzisweni kokuntanta kwamanzi olwandle. Izinto zokwenza izinto ziyamelana nomphumela ohlangene wokucindezela kwe-hydrostatic kanye nokuvezwa isikhathi eside okwenza zibe zilungele amaphrojekthi okuhamba olwandle njengezintambo zekhebula kanye ne-hardball kanye nokusekelwa kwezinsimbi. Ziphinde zinikeze amandla kanye nobuqotho besakhiwo ngesisindo esiphansi kakhulu ngevolumu ngayinye kunezinye izinto zendabuko ezenza zibe ukukhetha okukhangayo ezinhlelweni eziningi zokuvikela kanye nobunjiniyela bomphakathi."
Ama-cenospheres ekubholeni uphethiloli
Ukuze uthole ubufakazi bokubaluleka okungaziwa kwama-cenospheres, akudingeki ubheke phambili ukuthi indima ebalulekile ayidlalayo embonini kaphethiloli. Ngoba yize wonke umuntu azi ngokubaluleka kukaphethiloli ezweni lanamuhla, kuyiqiniso elincane elaziwayo ukuthi ama-cenospheres, njengoba kusho iphephabhuku lezimboni laseFrance, i-Industrie & Technologies, “…asetshenziswa iminyaka eminingana emkhakheni wokumba uwoyela ukunciphisa ubuningi be-petroleum cement paste ngaphandle kokwandisa okuqukethwe kwamanzi.”
Ama-cenospheres kuma-Plastics nama-Polymers
Ama-cenospheres nawo asetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwamapulasitiki nama-polymer, njengoba isimo noma amandla awo angakhiwa kabusha kusiza ekugwemeni ukuncishiswa kwamapulasitiki e-thermoplastic kanye namapulasitiki e-thermosetting.
Zisetshenziswa nasezintweni ezihlanganisiwe zesimanje embonini yezimoto. Isibonelo, iChevrolet Corvette ka-2016 iqukethe “inhlanganisela yokubumba amashidi lapho ama-microsphere engilazi ethatha indawo ye-calcium carbonate filler futhi asuse isisindo semodeli yemoto yezemidlalo ngamakhilogremu angu-9 [9kg].” IPhini likaMongameli womkhiqizi, i-Continental Structural Plastics Inc., uProbir Guha, uchaza isizathu sokufakwa kwama-cenospheres kule nhlanganisela, ethi, “ifomula ejwayelekile ye-SMC yalolu hlobo lwesicelo semoto ihlanganisa u-20% ngevolumu yokuqinisa i-fiber yengilazi, i-resin engu-35% kanye ne-filler engu-45%, ngokuvamile i-calcium carbonate,” enezela ngokuthi, “Le nhlanganisela entsha ye-SMC [inhlanganisela yokubumba amashidi] incintisana ne-aluminium.”
Ama-cenospheres ku-Concrete
Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, ama-cenospheres abe yisithasiselo esiwusizo kukhonkolo, enikeza amandla engeziwe, noma ukuvimbela umsindo, ngenkathi enciphisa nobuningi. UJeff Girard, uMongameli we-The Concrete Countertop Institute, uchaza lezi zinzuzo, ethi, “Ngokombono, ama-cenospheres angathatha indawo yesihlabathi esinesisindo esivamile esisetshenziswa kukhonkolo. Ama-cenospheres anobukhulu obungaphansi kwamanzi (isilinganiso esingu-0.7 uma kuqhathaniswa no-1.0 wamanzi); izinhlayiya zesihlabathi se-quartz ngokuvamile zinobukhulu obungaba ngu-2.65. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iphawundi elilodwa lama-cenospheres lithatha ivolumu efanayo nesihlabathi esingaba ngu-3.8 lbs.”
I-Industrie & Technologies, iphinde ichaze ukusetshenziswa kwama-cenospheres njengendlela yokunciphisa ukungcola komsindo, ithi, “[Ama-cenospheres asetshenziswa] ezintweni zokwakha ukuze kukhanye ukhonkolo, kuyilapho kugcinwa amandla okucindezela angu-30 MPa ngobuningi obungu-1.6 T / m3, kuthuthukisa ukuqina kwawo futhi kunciphise ukudluliselwa kwawo komsindo. Isibonelo, i-St. Petersburg Scientific and Technical Center of Applied Nanotechnologies (STCAN) ihilelekile ekwakheni amabhuloho anezikhonkolo ezinjalo eRussia, [ukuze kube nomgwaqo othule]. Ama-cenospheres asetshenziselwa futhi ukuthuthukisa izimfanelo zokushisa nezokuvikela umsindo zama-plaster, ama-mortar nama-plaster, asetshenziselwa izindonga, phansi kanye nophahla. Ukwengezwa kwama-cenospheres angu-40% wevolumu kunciphisa i-coefficient yokudlulisela umsindo.”
Ama-cenospheres ku-Pharmaceuticals
Ama-cenospheres asetshenziswe embonini yezemithi iminyaka eminingi, njengoba amabhola amancane angasebenza njengethuluzi lokuthutha elifanele kakhulu uma limbozwe ngemithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba iphephabhuku lemboni laseFrance, i-Industrie & Technologies, liphawula, “Ama-cenospheres ambozwe nge-silver oxide, isibonelo, angase ahlanganiswe nezingubo zokubopha ukuze kusheshiswe ukuphulukiswa kwenxeba.”
Ama-cenospheres Ezimbonini Ezithuthukisiwe
Kwenziwa ucwaningo olukhulu ukuthola ukusetshenziswa okusha kwalo mkhiqizo ohambisanayo oguquguqukayo. Isibonelo, ama-catalyst amasha enqubo yokuxiliswa kwe-methane ayathuthukiswa kusetshenziswa ama-cenospheres amagnetic.
Ama-cenospheres nawo asetshenziswa ekuthuthukisweni kwama-composites e-metal matrix (MMC), izinto ezahlukahlukene ezizama ukuhlanganisa ukumuncwa kwamandla aphezulu, ukumelana nokushayisana, kanye nobuningi obuphansi bezingqimba nezimfanelo zezinye izinto. Abanye, njengoPaul Biju-Duval we-Georgia Institute of Technology ese-Atlanta, basebenze kanzima ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto zokwakha ezingenasimende. Umsebenzi wakhe uyaqhubeka, enezela ekuxubeni kwe-cenosphere, izinto ezifana ne-bamboo kanye ne-metallic tube njengendlela yokuthola ezinye izindlela zokwakha ezingabizi, eziqinile, nezinobungani nemvelo.
Okwamanje, i-Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology ye-Russian Academy of Sciences eKrasnoyarsk, ifunda izindlela ama-cenospheres angasetshenziswa ngazo ekuguqulweni kwe-catalytic. Ngenkathi izinhlelo ze-BAE zizama ukusebenzisa ama-cenospheres kupende njengendlela yokusekela ukungabonakali ku-spectrum ye-infrared, ngaleyo ndlela kuvumela imikhumbi yempi ukuthi ibe 'nezingubo zokungabonakali'.
Njengoba kunezinhlobo eziningi kangaka zokusetshenziswa, kanye nobubanzi obukhulu bokusetshenziswa okungenzeka, akumangalisi ukuthi kungani intshisekelo kuma-cenospheres ikhula. Uma nje abathuthukisi bemikhiqizo befuna izinto zokugcwalisa isisindo esilula, izinhlelo zokulethwa kwemithi ezithuthukisiwe, izinto zokumboza ezithuthukisiwe, izinto ezithatha indawo yesimende, kanye nezengezo ezihlanganisiwe, khona-ke kuzoba nesidingo sama-cenospheres. Ngaphezu kocwaningo olwandisiwe mayelana nokusetshenziswa okusha kwalezi zingqimba eziguquguqukayo, khona-ke isikhathi kuphela esizosho ukuthi ikusasa lama-cenospheres likuphi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 28-2021