Ngemva kwehlobo elishisayo lika-2021 elinezinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu, ingxenye esenyakatho yezwe ingenise ubusika obubandayo, futhi iqhwa likhithike kakhulu, ngisho naseSahara Desert, enye yezindawo ezishisa kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingxenye eseningizimu yezwe ingenise ukushisa okushisayo, amazinga okushisa afinyelela ku-50°C eNtshonalanga ye-Australia, kanti izinguzunga ezinkulu zeqhwa e-Antarctica zincibilikile. Ngakho-ke kwenzekeni emhlabeni? Kungani ososayensi bethi kungenzeka ukuthi ukuqothulwa kwesithupha kwenqwaba kwenzeke?
Njengoba kuyihlane elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, isimo sezulu saseSahara Desert somile kakhulu futhi sishisa kakhulu. Ingxenye yesifunda ithola imvula yonyaka engaphansi kwama-25mm, kanti ezinye izindawo azizange zithole ngisho nemvula iminyaka eminingana. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nonyaka esifundeni lifinyelela kuma-30 ℃, kanti izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nehlobo lingadlula ama-40 ℃ izinyanga eziningana zilandelana, kanti izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu elirekhodiwe lifinyelela kuma-58 ℃.
Kodwa esifundeni esishisa kakhulu nesomile kangaka, akukaze kukhithike kakhulu kulobu busika. Idolobhana elincane lase-Ain Sefra, elisenyakatho yeSahara Desert, lakhithika ngoJanuwari kulo nyaka. Iqhwa lamboza ugwadule olugolide. Imibala emibili yayixubene, futhi lesi simo sasingavamile.
Lapho iqhwa liwa, izinga lokushisa edolobheni lehla laya ku-2°C, amazinga okushisa ambalwa kunezinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ebusika bangaphambilini. Idolobha lalikhithike izikhathi ezine eminyakeni engama-42 ngaphambi kwalokho, okokuqala ngo-1979 kanye nezintathu zokugcina eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule.
Iqhwa ehlane liyivelakancane kakhulu, yize ihlane libanda kakhulu ebusika futhi izinga lokushisa lingehla liye ngaphansi kwezinga-zero, kodwa ihlane lomile kakhulu, ngokuvamile awekho amanzi anele emoyeni, futhi kunemvula neqhwa elincane kakhulu. Iqhwa ehlane laseSahara likhumbuza abantu ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele.
Isazi sezulu saseRussia uRoman Vilfan uthe iqhwa eSahara Desert, amagagasi abandayo eNyakatho Melika, isimo sezulu esifudumele kakhulu eRussia naseYurophu, kanye nemvula enkulu ebangele izikhukhula eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ukuvela kwalezi zimo zezulu ezingavamile kuya ngokuya kuvama, futhi isizathu salokhu ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okubangelwa ukufudumala komhlaba.
Eningizimu yezwe manje, umthelela wokufudumala komhlaba ungabonakala ngqo. Ngenkathi inyakatho yezwe isabhekene negagasi elibandayo, inyakatho yezwe ibhekene negagasi lokushisa, amazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-40°C ezindaweni eziningi zaseNingizimu Melika. Idolobha lase-Onslow eNtshonalanga ye-Australia liqophe izinga lokushisa eliphakeme elingu-50.7 ℃, lephula irekhodi lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu eningizimu yezwe.
Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu eningizimu yezwe lihlobene nomphumela we-thermal dome. Ehlobo elishisayo, elomile nelingenamoya, umoya ofudumele ophuma emhlabathini awukwazi ukusabalala, kodwa ucindezelwa phansi yingcindezi ephezulu yomkhathi womhlaba, okwenza umoya ushise kakhulu. Ukushisa okukhulu eNyakatho Melika ngo-2021 nakho kubangelwa umphumela we-thermal dome.
Engxenyeni eseningizimu yomhlaba, isimo asisihle. Ngo-2017, iqhwa elikhulu elinenombolo A-68 laphuka eshalofini leqhwa laseLarsen-C e-Antarctica. Indawo yalo ingafinyelela amakhilomitha-skwele angu-5,800, okuseduze nendawo yaseShanghai.
Ngemva kokuba iqhwa liqhume, belilokhu likhukhuleka e-Southern Ocean. Lakhukhuleka ibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-4,000 ngonyaka nesigamu. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, iqhwa laqhubeka nokuncibilika, likhipha amanzi ahlanzekile angamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-152, okulingana namandla okugcina amanzi angama-West Lakes ayi-10,600.
Ngenxa yokufudumala komhlaba, ukuncibilika kwezindawo ezisenyakatho naseningizimu, ezivalelwe emanzini amaningi ahlanzekile, kuyashesha, okwenza amazinga olwandle aqhubeke nokukhuphuka. Akukhona lokho kuphela, kodwa ukufudumala kwamanzi olwandle nakho kubangela ukwanda kokushisa, okwenza ulwandle lube lukhulu. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi amazinga olwandle emhlabeni wonke manje aphezulu ngamasentimitha angu-16 kuya kwangu-21 kunangeminyaka eyi-100 edlule, futhi okwamanje akhuphuka ngesivinini samamilimitha angu-3.6 ngonyaka. Njengoba izinga lolwandle liqhubeka nokukhuphuka, lizoqhubeka nokuguguleka iziqhingi nezindawo ezisogwini eziphansi, okusongela ukusinda kwabantu lapho.
Imisebenzi yabantu ayigcini nje ngokuhlasela ngokuqondile noma ngisho nokubhubhisa izindawo zokuhlala zezilwane nezitshalo zemvelo, kodwa futhi ikhipha inani elikhulu le-carbon dioxide, i-methane kanye namanye amagesi okushisa, okubangela ukuba izinga lokushisa lomhlaba wonke lenyuke, okuholela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kanye nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaba yizigidi eziyi-10 ezihlala eMhlabeni njengamanje. Kodwa emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-200,000 sezinyamalele. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izinga lamanje lokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo emhlabeni lishesha kakhulu kunezinga elijwayelekile emlandweni womhlaba, futhi ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukuqothulwa kwesithupha okukhulu kwenzeke.
Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamakhulu edlule emhlabeni, kuye kwenzeka izenzakalo eziningi zokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo, ezinkulu nezincane, okuhlanganisa nezenzakalo ezinhlanu ezinzima kakhulu zokuqothulwa okukhulu, okwabangela ukuba izinhlobo eziningi zinyamalale emhlabeni. Izimbangela zezenzakalo zokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zangaphambilini zonke zivela emvelweni, kanti eyesithupha kukholakala ukuthi iyimbangela yabantu. Isintu sidinga ukuthatha isinyathelo uma singafuni ukushabalala njengoba kwenza ama-99% ezinhlobo zoMhlaba.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-12-2022